Racial Stereotypes on Television Essay -- Racial and Ethnic Bias on TV

For many years, racial and ethnic stereotypes have been portrayed on duplex television programs. These stereotypes are still illustrated on a day-to-day basis even though times have changed. Racial or ethnic stereotypes should not be perpetuated on certain television programs. These stereotypes pull up stakes false information about groups, do not account for every per countersign, allow older generations to crook younger generations, create tension between groups, and affect people in many ways.To begin, racial or ethnic stereotypes on certain television programs provide false information about groups of people. The characters illustrated in these programs are formed by what writers believe. When a show is created, the writers take the basic features of a character and expand establish on what they think viewers will enjoy. Yet these creations can be biased due to how hard the writer is willing to work.For example, the show Everybody Hates Chris portrays an African-American famil y funding in Bed-Sty, Brooklyn. The family is shown as living from paycheck to paycheck and trying to better their lives. Yet, the neighborhood around them influences many of their decisions. Many of the minor characters are portrayed as African-American people who will do anything in order to survive, such as murder or steal. It also shows the Caucasian persons as being prize and better.Another example would be the show George Lopez. This show is based on a Mexican-Cuban family living in Los Angeles. The family goes through struggles, such as their son having dyslexia, their daughter joining private school, and George trying to find his biological father.Many of the statements and visuals portrayed are those that negatively illustrate how Mexicans and ... ...reotypes on Racial Categorization. Social lore (2008) 314-332.Browne. Coalition Formed to End Ethnic and Racial Bias on TV. 1999. New York Amsterdam News. Web. 15 Jan. 2015.Burroughs, Todd Steven. In The Brief. Crisis (2009 ) 10-14. Web. 15 Jan. 2015.Goodale, Gloria. TV in gloomy and white. 20 November 1998. Christian Science Monitor. Web. 15 Jan. 2015.Izumi, Yutaka and Frank Hammonds. Changing Ethnic/Racial Stereotypes The Roles of Individuals and Groups. Social Behavior & Personality An International Journal (2007) 845-852.Pauker, Kristin, Nalini Ambady and Evan P. Apfelbaum. Race saliency and Essentailist Thinking in Racial Stereotypes Development. Child Development (2010) 1799-1813.Woll, Allen L and Randall M Miller. Ethnic and Racial Images in American Film and Television Historical Essays and Bibliography. n.d. Print.

Juvenile Crimes Essays -- Crime essays research papers

A insubstantial is defined as not yet handsome young, childish, immature. In the United States, definitions and shape up limits of juveniles vary. The 16-20 year old age group has mavin of the highest incidences of serious plague (ojjdp.org). In 1994, juveniles accounted for 19% of all violent crime arrests in The United States. Although juvenile arrests for violent crimes declined 3% from 1994-1995 (the first decrease in almost ten years), the number of juvenile violent crime arrests in 1995 was 67% above the 1986 level. Among juvenile offenders, males make up 85% of the total arrests for violent crime index offenses (Colorado.edu). Females make up 34%. Boys ages 12-17 be one and a half more likely to be victims of violent crimes than girls. Minorities play a key role in juvenile crimes. African American juveniles were half a dozen times more likely than Caucasian juveniles to be victims of homicide in 2002. Between 1996 and 2000, the number of effeminate juvenile arrested for violent crimes much(prenominal) as murder, robbery and modify assault increased 25% with no increasing arrests of male juveniles for the same offense. Female juvenile arrests for property crimes such as burglary, motor vehicle theft and arson have increased 21% while male arrests decreased 4% (Hoffman, 2001). Female involvement in crimes has evolved into a significant trend. However, young females are far less likely than males to violate the law. Some of the contributions to the increase in female delinquency are that female delinquent behavior is related to sapless bonds with parents and school. Most female violent behavior is learned behavior and so unfortunately violence is the only or the most effective way to come across status, respect and other social and personal needs. The initial causes of violence are found in the early learning experiences in the family which includes weak family bonding and inefficient monitoring and supervision. Involvement with delinquent friends is the strongest and most immediate cause of serious violent behavior for females. It is within this group that violence is encouraged. The problems encountered by an adolescent female at school causes stress and conflict. If supervision and monitoring are not available to help the female, the likelihood of violence will occur (Barbour, 1999).When a juvenile commits a crime, the court where the juvenile will be in becomes a factor. Some juveniles... ...re a teenager should know right from wrong. Ethics is something that starts at inhabitation when growing up. Some may argue what if a person doesnt have a stable upbringing? There are other alternatives such as school clubs, community organizations, church and other positive things. Many may argue that 28 years is too long for a 14 year old to serve. So then, what is too short? If Brazill was maybe 24 or 40 then maybe this wouldnt be an issue. Some would expression that he has lived most of his life and so spending the rest of his life in prison would be okay. To send a 14 year old to prison until the age of 42 is unjust to some. They feel he would miss growing up, high school, interacting with others his age, etc. I think maybe he shouldve been interacting with others his age before deciding to even take a gun to school. He is old enough to know that a gun is trouble. He had to know that what he did called for punishment. I agree with POA that if he does go to juvenile court and serve maybe 7 years for killing a teacher than that is job to be okay? If Brazill was old enough to shoot and kill someone than he is old enough to be punished in an adult prison just like any other minor.

What’s in a Name? :: essays papers

Whats in a Name?I have always been very proud of everything that I have accomplished in my life. I am proud of one thing more than anything else my heritage. Ever since I was a child I was told all about my grandparents and their trek from Denmark to the United States. I was curious what their homeland was like, but it never seemed to be a topic of discussion. My grandmother boasted the Danish flag in her home, and displayed little trinkets that said velkomen on them. My experience was limited to these few things I saw when I was a child. Since both of my grandparents had passed away, I started my research by picking up the phone and calling my pay off.My father, Larry Jensen, didnt know very much about Denmark either. He knew a few names from his family and their birth dates, so I started from there. I hit the internet with my new obtained knowledge and I searched for anything that could link me to my past. I did not find anything about any of my specific relatives, but I learned about how and why I got my last name. Apparently, Danish people did not have last names until the late 19th century when new laws were introduced forcing them to take on a surname. The park people of Denmark didnt use family names to identify themselves. Before it was required to have a last name, people used patronymics, meaning they took on their fathers first name with an ending to make their last name. It was also common for people in a town that was large to use their railway line or place of residence as a last name. Many of the girls would get the fathers first name with datter or dotter attached to it (meaning female child of.) The boys would get their fathers first name with sen or son attached to it (meaning son of.) In Denmark, datter and dotter meant the equivalent thing, just as sen, and son were the same thing (Origins of Danish Names). The name Jensen, meaning son of Jens, has many different spellings. The Dutch forms of Jensen are Jans, Joha nsen, Janse, Jansen, Janssen, Hoensen and Janzen. The root of all of these names comes from the stem or the sport of a stem, which is Jan.

The Vietnam War :: Vietnam War Essays

The Vietnam WarThe Vietnam War is truly one of the most unique state of wars ever fought by the Unites States of by all country. It was never officially declared a war (Knowll, 3). It had no official beginning nor an official end. It was fought over 10,000 miles away in a virtually inglorious country. The enemy and the allies looked exactly the alike, and may by day be a friend but by night become an enemy (Aaseng 113). It matched the essay and true tactics of World War Two against a hide, run, and shoot technique known as Guerrilla Warfare. It matched some of the best trained soldiers in the world against largely an untrained militia of untrained farmers. The United States soldiers had at least a meal to look forward to unlike the Communist Vietnamese soldiers who considered a fine cuisine to be cold rice and, if lucky, rat meat. The Vietnam War matched the most technically advanced country with one of the least advanced, and the lesser advanced not only beat but humiliated the strongest military in the world (Aaseng, 111). When the war was finally showing signs of end, the Vietnamese returned to a impertinently unified communist country while the United Stated soldiers returned to be called baby killers, and were often spat upon. With the complexities of war already long overdrawn because of the length of the war it is no wonder the returning solders often left home confused and returned home insane. Through an examination of the Vietnam War, in particular an event know as the My Lai Massacre, and the people involved with both, it can be proven that when the threshold for violence of a person is met or exceeded, the resulting psychological scarring becomes the most prominent reason for war being hell.Although officially, the Vietnam Conflict had neither a beginning nor an end, for the purpose of this paper it can be best examined through the decade the United States was involved February 6, 1965 - stately 30, 1975. During World War Two the French had b een a major ally to the United States in the defeat of Adolph Hitler and the Axis Powers. France occupied and claimed the small coastline country of Vietnam in Indochina. In this region there had been recent Communist uprisings funded by the USSR The Vietnamese were willing to accept Communism in return for what they had been fighting for over 2000 age self rule.

Pros and Cons of Outsourcing Essay -- Research Papers, Globalization

Pros and Cons of Outsourcing. 1. Introduction Globalization has lead to increase in international trade and a greater role for multinational corporations. With the beginning of globalization many companies are turning to either off shoring or offshore outsourcing. In India and China, companies like IBM, Microsoft, Hewlett Packard, and Novell choose to get services from sub-contractors in these countries or move their development and support jobs there. Outsourcing is to contract out some of fellowships activities to a third fellowship company. The company who outsourced and the third party who is going to handle the activities for the company are joined by means of an outsourcing arrangement. This practice became even more popular after the dot-com crash of the early(a) 21st century. As many businesses struggled with cash-flow problems, many investors were leary in investing money in high-tech companies, which many felt were still vulnerable to the dot-com effect. assay to do mo re with less, companies looked for less expensive avenues of development and support. For the United States, Indiaseemed like a perfect resource for these needs since most nationals speak english. A company can hire an engineer in India, for example, for US$10,000 a year where an equ tout ensembley qualified engineer in the U.S. could cost $60,000-$90,000 a year. Outsourcing has been big political issue as highly educated and highly paid IT workers lose their jobs. In this competitive environment, companies have to concentrate on competency and they want to outsource everything to reduce cost so the trend toward offshore outsourcing is increasing. Outsourcing threatens that in future US will not have many technology people. As all the technical work will be ... ...ures/feature.php?wfId=1872298http//lieberman.senate.gov/newsroom/whitepapers/Offshoring.pdfhttp//www.iie.com/publications/papers/kirkegaard0204.pdfhttp//msnbc.msn.com/id/4631368/http//www.computerworld.com/managementtopic s/outsourcing/story/0,10801,78941,00.htmlhttp//www.agilemanagement.net/Articles/Weblog/OutsourcingDebate.htmlhttp//www.infoworld.com/article/03/12/19/HNoutsourcing2004_1.htmlhttp//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A36379-2004Mar30.htmlhttp//www.iht.com/articles/127188.htmlhttp//www.aicpa.org/pubs/jofa/mar2004/miller.htmhttp//www.wordiq.com/definition/Outsourcinghttp//www.nysscpa.org/cpajournal/2004/304/perspectives/nv1.htmhttp//www.nasscom.org/artdisplay.asp?Art_id=1907http//www.nasscom.org/artdisplay.asp?Art_id=2552http//www.capgemini.com/adaptive/media/TransOutsourcePOV.pdf

Pros and Cons of Outsourcing Essay -- Research Papers, Globalization

Pros and Cons of Outsourcing. 1. Introduction Globalization has lead to increase in international trade and a greater role for multinational corporations. With the rise of globalization many companies are turning to either off shoring or offshore outsourcing. In India and China, companies like IBM, Microsoft, Hewlett Packard, and Novell choose to get services from sub-contractors in these countries or move their development and support jobs there. Outsourcing is to contract out some of companys activities to a third party company. The company who outsourced and the third party who is going away to handle the activities for the company are joined by means of an outsourcing arrangement. This practice became even more popular after the dot-com crash of the early twenty-first century. As many businesses struggled with cash-flow problems, many investors were leary in investing money in high-tech companies, which many felt were still vulnerable to the dot-com effect. Struggling to do more with less, companies looked for less expensive avenues of development and support. For the United States, Indiaseemed like a perfect resource for these needs since most nationals speak english. A company go off hire an engineer in India, for example, for US$10,000 a year where an equally qualified engineer in the U.S. could cost $60,000-$90,000 a year. Outsourcing has been big political production as highly educated and highly paid IT workers lose their jobs. In this competitive environment, companies have to concentrate on competency and they want to outsource everything to depress cost so the trend toward offshore outsourcing is increasing. Outsourcing threatens that in future US will not have many technology people. As all the proficient work will be ... ...ures/feature.php?wfId=1872298http//lieberman.senate.gov/newsroom/whitepapers/Offshoring.pdfhttp//www.iie.com/publications/papers/kirkegaard0204.pdfhttp//msnbc.msn.com/id/4631368/http//www.computerworld.com/managementtopic s/outsourcing/story/0,10801,78941,00.htmlhttp//www.agilemanagement.net/Articles/Weblog/OutsourcingDebate.htmlhttp//www.infoworld.com/article/03/12/19/HNoutsourcing2004_1.htmlhttp//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A36379-2004Mar30.htmlhttp//www.iht.com/articles/127188.htmlhttp//www.aicpa.org/pubs/jofa/mar2004/miller.htmhttp//www.wordiq.com/definition/Outsourcinghttp//www.nysscpa.org/cpajournal/2004/304/perspectives/nv1.htmhttp//www.nasscom.org/artdisplay.asp?Art_id=1907http//www.nasscom.org/artdisplay.asp?Art_id=2552http//www.capgemini.com/adaptive/media/TransOutsourcePOV.pdf

On Becoming A Leader Essay

Nowadays, the title of leader seems to be sloppily thrown here and there. For the inexperienced eye, if someone seems to be the dominant individual in a group, state automatic exclusivelyy ascribe the term to the person. Nowadays, it seems to be more of having a title than meeting that titles responsibilities. It is imperative for a leader to know what enables his leading he should know how he had come to that position. In retrospect, a good study of the great leaders has amounted to a list of qualities that they innately possess.Bennis, (2003) in his book, On Becoming A Leader talks about what it takes to become a leader. There are different so-called ingredients that the author attributes the greatness of those people who get under ones skin been worth enough to be called leaders of their generation. He speaks of ingredients such as guiding vision wherein a leader knows where he is going and knows how to get there. It is the proverbial horizon that the leader looks to. Another i ngredient is passionit is an enduring love for what he is doing.The author also speaks about integrity and being honest to oneself. He talks about the importance of doing away with self-deception and aligning ones thoughts with ones words and actions. He adds curiosity and a adventurous attitude to the mix as he stresses the importance of learning how to not be satisfied with the status quo by taking on challenges which have real-life risks. Finally, he closes with one of the most poignant traits that a leader must have. He bases his findings on a simple, yet hard-to-define element trust.The author gives s incessantlyal reasons why it is authoritative for a leader to be trustworthy. This trait essentially speaks of a leaders integrity and how he deals with other people. Bennis says that it is one of the qualities that can only be earned and not acquired. It is given freely by the leaders peers and come upers. (Bennis, 2003) Trust is said to be one of the essentials that a leader n eeds in order to have his or her group up and running. Like a car without fuel, a leader will not be able to act upon if those under the leadership do not trust him.More than anything, this is the most vital part of any type of leadership. If the people are unable to follow the leader because they do not trust him or her, then it would be better if there was no one to follow at all. Apart from trust, all of the other ingredients are learned. Ordinary people will eventually learn how to look at the big picture and become accountable to themselves and to others. Leaders-to-be will eventually engender a love and a passion for what it is that they do but on of the things that cannot be learned is the trust that comes with responsibility.To be able to look at ones follower and have that person say to you, I trust you is one of the most precious ingredients a leader can ever have. It is the cherry on top of everything elsethe so-called icing on the cake without which everything will sim ply be ordinary and out-of-the-box. With all of the talk of having certain qualities that a leader needs to have, all of the ingredients are important but none as important as the trust that is earned by a leader.

Sonnys Blues

tells of seeing his brother play mild in a hump club, and of sending up to his brother a drinka mixture of Scotch whiskey and milk. As the story closes this unusual mixture sets atop young carnivores piano like the very cup of disquietude. Discuss how this drink serves as a symbolic conclusion to Baldwins story. How does it symbolize for the reader the resolution, or synthesis, of various tensions in the story? Indeed what are the main lines of tension, op flummox, and division in sonnys Blues? At the end of the story, the fibber describes a glass seated over Sonnys piano as shaking like the very cup of trembling to highlight what a knotty and complicated position Sonny is in. This image is borrowed from the Bible, where the cup of trembling is used as a symbol to describe the slimy and fear that have plagued the people. The scriptural passage promises a relief from that distraint, but Baldwins use of the cup of trembling as a symbol is less overt. * Sonnys boozing from th e cup of trembling serves as a reminder of all the suffering he has endured, slice in like manner offering the chance for redemption and peace.As a musician, Sonny takes all his suffering and that of those around him and transforms it into something beautiful. * Like the figures from the Bible, Sonny is moving toward salvation, but his fate remains uncertain. Perhaps he will continue to suffer, suffering being the cost he has to pay for being a musician. There is something Christ like about Sonnys pain, and suffering for Sonny is at at a time inevitable and redemptory * At the end of the story, it remains unclear whether he will continue to suffer in order to play his music or whether a great peace and redemption awaits everyone involved.The fact that the glass is filled with scotch and milk only further highlights the tension and duality Sonny faces. deplorable QUOTE A great block of ice got settled in my belly and kept melting there slowly all day long, while I taught my cl asses algebra. It was a special kind of ice. . . . Sometimes it hardened and seemed to expand until I felt my guts were going to come spilling out or that I was going to conk out or scream. (12) People dont always outwardly express their anguish. The narrators suffering is immense (it threatens to overpower him here), but he cant good fall apart.Perhaps his suffering is made veritable(a) greater because this great, big block of ice just stays where it is. He cant get it out of his system. SUFFERING QUOTE Tell me, I said at last, why does he want to die? He must want to die, hes killing himself, why does he want to die? (38) The narrator is making a desperate plea with this unanswerable question. He cant imagine anyone doing what Sonny has done to himself unless he no longer has the will to live. He just wants to k straight why? His suffering is as great as Sonnys here. SUFFERING QUOTEYou dont know how much I needed to hear from you. I wanted to pen you many a time but I dug ho w much I must have yearn you and so I didnt write. But now I tone like a man whos been trying to climb out of some deep, real deep and funky hole and just power saw the sun up there, outside. I got to get outside. (127) Sonny suffers on multiple levels. He suffers from his drug addiction and from being stuck in jail. But he also suffers from the knowledge that hes hurt his family and that, because of this, he didnt dare reach out to them even when he needed to the most.Sonnys Bluestells of seeing his brother play piano in a jazz club, and of sending up to his brother a drinka mixture of Scotch whiskey and milk. As the story closes this unusual mixture sets atop Sonnys piano like the very cup of trembling. Discuss how this drink serves as a symbolic conclusion to Baldwins story. How does it symbolize for the reader the resolution, or synthesis, of various tensions in the story? Indeed what are the main lines of tension, opposition, and division in Sonnys Blues? At the end of the s tory, the narrator describes a glass sitting over Sonnys piano as shaking like the very cup of trembling to highlight what a difficult and complicated position Sonny is in. This image is borrowed from the Bible, where the cup of trembling is used as a symbol to describe the suffering and fear that have plagued the people. The biblical passage promises a relief from that suffering, but Baldwins use of the cup of trembling as a symbol is less overt. * Sonnys drinking from the cup of trembling serves as a reminder of all the suffering he has endured, while also offering the chance for redemption and peace.As a musician, Sonny takes all his suffering and that of those around him and transforms it into something beautiful. * Like the figures from the Bible, Sonny is moving toward salvation, but his fate remains uncertain. Perhaps he will continue to suffer, suffering being the cost he has to pay for being a musician. There is something Christ like about Sonnys pain, and suffering for Son ny is at once inevitable and redemptive * At the end of the story, it remains unclear whether he will continue to suffer in order to play his music or whether a greater peace and redemption awaits everyone involved.The fact that the glass is filled with scotch and milk only further highlights the tension and duality Sonny faces. SUFFERING QUOTE A great block of ice got settled in my belly and kept melting there slowly all day long, while I taught my classes algebra. It was a special kind of ice. . . . Sometimes it hardened and seemed to expand until I felt my guts were going to come spilling out or that I was going to choke or scream. (12) People dont always outwardly express their anguish. The narrators suffering is immense (it threatens to overpower him here), but he cant just fall apart.Perhaps his suffering is made even greater because this great, big block of ice just stays where it is. He cant get it out of his system. SUFFERING QUOTE Tell me, I said at last, why does he want to die? He must want to die, hes killing himself, why does he want to die? (38) The narrator is making a desperate plea with this unanswerable question. He cant imagine anyone doing what Sonny has done to himself unless he no longer has the will to live. He just wants to know why? His suffering is as great as Sonnys here. SUFFERING QUOTEYou dont know how much I needed to hear from you. I wanted to write you many a time but I dug how much I must have hurt you and so I didnt write. But now I feel like a man whos been trying to climb out of some deep, real deep and funky hole and just saw the sun up there, outside. I got to get outside. (127) Sonny suffers on multiple levels. He suffers from his drug addiction and from being stuck in jail. But he also suffers from the knowledge that hes hurt his family and that, because of this, he didnt dare reach out to them even when he needed to the most.

Principles and Policies of Health Promotion

Annex 1 MSF & stayion 17 2 1. Introduction Historically, MSF is convoluted with IEC (Information, Education and Communication) activities or reckon since almost 10 years. It mainly started in 2 parallel directions Within the HIV/AIDS vertical expulsion developed ahead the introduction of artistic creation? e used to develop prevention spue to reduce the spread of transmission system in the general fraternity and amongst target sort outs (mass chat campaign to limiting the demeanour of the commwholey) Within the Water, Hygiene & Sanitation project, hygiene promotion activities were developed to promote the use of the water & sanitation facilities in the communities simply overly to suit the behaviour of the pop in regards to these facilities In April 2006, an IEC workshop was organised in the OCB in assemble to structure the IEC activities on the field1. From there the I. E.C activities have been redefined and a exchange of the destinationinology to wellness onw ard motion was adopted. This change in lineinology was adopted to avoid misunderstanding and confusion with the activities of communication department but also to light up within the framework of our wellness check activities. This policy paper is write in order to explain why MSF is involved in wellness onward motion and to located a framework for the wellness advancement activities its non a read on the implementation of the activities. It leave alone continuously evolve with the experiences add-oned over time. 2. approximately wellness Promotion definitions . 1 From WHO wellness promotion is the process of enabling commonwealth to increase nurse over, and to improve 2 their swell upness. Health promotion represents a comprehensive social and political process, it not only embraces activeness mechanisms directed at streng accordinglying the skills and capabilities of individuals, but also action directed towards changing social, environ amiable and scotch condit ions so as to alleviate their impact on public and individual wellness. Participation is demand to sustain health promotion action. The Ottawa Charter identifies trio basic strategies for health promotion.These are advocacy for health to create the essential conditions for health indicated above enabling all people to achieve their full health potential and mediating between the different interests in society in the pursuit of health. These strategies are braveed by five priority action areas Build sinewy public policy, Create supportive environments for health Strengthen community action for health, Develop personal skills and Re-orient health work 1 2 For more(prenominal) knowledge see report on the IEC workshop 2006- Genevieve Loots & Ann Wouters extension phone Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion.WHO, Geneva, 1986 3 2. 2 From John Hubley, communicating Health John Hubley is presenting the HESIAD mildew which involves 3 different circumstancess into health pr omotion ? Health promotion component is being used to draw attention to the need for educational & political action to improve health 3 Health promotion Health education Communication directed at individuals, families and communities to influence Awareness/knowledge, conclusiveness making, beliefs/attitude/ empowerment of individual and community action/behaviour change community participationService improvement improvement Improvement in quality & quantity of operate services availability Case management Drug supply Counselling Staff attitudes Outreach friendly marketing Advocacy Agenda setting and advocay for healthy public policy Policies for health Income generation Removal of obstacles, discrimination, inequalities, gender barriers Fig. Components of health promotion (HESIAD)4 3 4 J. Hubley, Communicating health- An action guide to health education and health promotion- p. 2 J. Hubley, Communicating Health- An action guide to health education and health promotion-p. 15 4 3 . 3. 1 Health Promotion within the OCB Definition As an emergency medical exam humanitarian organisation, the definition of health promotion, as state by WHO (process of enabling people to take control over their health ) is too wide for MSF actions. It involves a lot of development ideas for example poverty elimination, literacy and general education, social programs, income generating activities, and so on on that pointfore, within OCB, we are limiting Health Promotion as a set of activities of health education and health services improvement5 that are intending to develop better the use of health care services ( perseverings & existence). The race HP approach is focusing on communities to promote our health structures and to control the epidemics in the creation. The unhurried HP approach is focusing on patient and on the adaptation of the health care to the ethnic behaviours and practices of the population where we are working. Example of health promotion activities 1.HP activities for population Investigate health-seeking behaviour Promotion of available health services Create health-risk awareness closely cholera, ebola for example Assure user friendliness clinic Patient education on HIV & TB to improve adherence (= give-and-take literacy) Providing patient-adjusted information on health-issues give birth self-management of chronic patients (empowerment) 2. HP activities for patients In most of the old IEC called project, the Health Promotion component should be re-orientated towards a support of patients (instead of community) n order to help them to strengthen or adapt a set of behaviour to get better & get more adapted care. In different organisation as well as in MSF sections you will easily hear different names for the Health Promotion activities such I. E. C (Information, education & communication), B. C. C (behaviour change communication), health communication, health education, patient education, etc. only they all aim at reinforcin g knowledge and skills related to health ( unsoundness, treatment & prevention) in order to allow the patient to take decisions & actions towards his health.Health Promotion encourages comprehensive interpellations that combine approaches such as anthropology, sociology, education, training and communication for healthy behaviour adaptation for more information on behaviour change model, please refer to M. Varasso Behaviour Change towards HIV/AIDS and the Health belief Model6. 5 Services improvement could be Improvement in the content of the services e. g improvement of the patient education Improvement in the accessibility of the service e. g timing, location & introduction of rest abode & community visits Improvements in the acceptability of services e. enforcement of confidentiality, use of women field staff, use of lay field staff, involvement of persons from the target community John Hubley Communicating Health- An action guide to health education and health promotion- p. 15 6 Health Belief Model (HBM) is a psychological model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviors. This is through with(p) by focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals 5 3. 2 Key principles for Health Promotion 1. Health Promotion activities should always be incorporated and serving the medical objective of the project.It must be considered as a transversal approach integrated in the different activities of the project it is not a project in itself. In a logical framework of a project document it should be situated at the train of activities, expected results and indicators. 2. As a particularity, Health Promotion focuses on the health communication with individuals (its not a health problem in itself). That is why it applies to different diseases (HIV, TB-treatment, malaria, etc), subgroups (children, young women, patient HIV+), attitudes/habits that we passing to influence (access to services & care, promotion of healthy behaviour, etc) 3.The MSFs u nderstanding of the population, perception of the illness 7 and the health seeking behaviour are essential in order to offer and to improve the development of our health services. Its an essential step to start any kind of Health Promotion activities, its necessary to understand how the population is functioning before defining health messages adapted to the culture of the population and patients. 4. The activities of Health Promotion will vary from one project to another and will always need to be adapted to the context. 5.The Health Promotion/education activities should be done in priority within our health structures addressing patients & care takers in groups or individually 6. Health Promotion activities can also be done at the communities level with specific objectives To promote our services attract people in our structures and explain our services to communities (promotion of the services for victims of sexual military force in the community, promotion of our vaccination s ites, etc) To prevent epidemics spreading when there is an outbreak of cholera, hemorrhagic fever, malaria, measles, etc. e should inform the communities at risk how the disease is transmitted, how to prevent getting the disease and what to do in case of the contraction of the symptoms To monitor a health situation in virtually context it can help the project to develop a component of community health worker or home visitor engagement to collect health surveillance information (mortality, morbidity, MUAC, vaccination, etc) To ensure access of the vulnerable group to our structures when a population/village/specific group identified is not coming to our structure and they are at high risk of specific health problem 7 DISEASE is the definition of a health problem by a medical expert, ILLNESS refers to the experience of the problem by the patient and SICKNESS is the social consumption attached to a health problem by the society at large. 6 3. 3 Roles and profiles Ideally, we should entrust different profiles to be in charge of the HP activities the first material body should have in priority an anthropologist or sociologist who will analyse the cultural behaviour of the population followed by a social communicator person who will program a health communication strategy.However, this rarely happen and one person is usually in charge of the different steps of the HP activities. 3. 3. 1 Anthropologists role in a project To understand the risky practices of the target group linked to the transmission of a illness, for example to collect information on the behaviour and the cultural practices of the pop. linked to the spread of HIV/AIDS to get information on cultural burial procedure-linked to Ebola etc To determine the health seeking behaviour of a target population ? Why are the pop not coming to our health services?Where do they go for care? Linking with Traditional healer? Sorcery, witchcraft? To get a better analyse of cultural barriers in the population pe rception of a health problem by the target group, organisation of the society, power, decision obtainr, etc. To analyse the knowledge, attitude and practices on a disease or health problem (KAP survey) To analyse and understand how MSF is perceived in the population But also at the level of the service provider, to analyse and understand the staff attitude towards patients/diseases To study the conception of illness Etc. ? He/she will then apply findings into practical recommendations for the project but also for the development of health messages. The anthropologist is NOT going to solve all your problems in the project he needfully to have a clear job description. The field needs to identify what they want to analyse and understand and how it will improve their medical activities. Its essential to be specific. He is part of the medical team and need constant discussion with the medical team/field coordinator.Its possible to require specifically an anthropologist for several mont hs to undertake a qualitative survey. But often, the expatriate health promoter will also have a degree in Anthropology or Sociology (or Social Sciences) its more likely to have one expatriate in charge of everything. Rem For the moment MSF is sending anthropologist too late in the stage of the project design it would be useful to use the anthropologists competences at some early phase of the project (explo mission or kickoff of a new project).In project by choice, the sending of an anthropologist can really provide secernate information on the context, the population and the link with MSF (in 2008 we have send anthropologist in Niger and Lubutu). 3. 3. 2 Health Promoters role in a project Your health promoter could have a communication or nursing or educational background depending of what is available and which profile is best suiting the project.To collect datas about the target population To set up the strategies for the HP activities according to the objectives of the project To recruit (if not yet done) and train/coach a team of national health promoter To define the priorities of the health messages according to the risk practices and the health seeking behaviour analyse To adapt the content of the messages according to the culture & target pop (importance of pre interrogation the materials) To understand how MSF is perceived in the population 7 To develop (or re-use) communication materials (educational games, pictures, osters) and to choose inhibit channels of communication To monitor the HP activities (including participation to the Annual Review Operation exercise) To evaluate the understanding of the health messages by the beneficiaries and adapt the content of information He/she is part of the medical team and need constant discussion with the medical team/field. Because the HP activities should be integrated in the project, the expatriate presence on the field should be seen as a temporary phase in order to leave the activities in the hands of national staffs (when available) who usually know better the cultural behaviour of the target pop. nd have easily access to communities. 4. Why is MSF involved in Health Promotion? Health Promotion activities are usually linked to disease preventive 8 activities. To give information and to coach or rise persons on different health topic & measures is an essential element to avoid individual getting sick, to recognize earlier symptoms and come to be treated but also to ensure patients following treatment procedures. Health Promotion activities want to ensure preventive behaviour in term of health. streaks level and activities9 Its important to differentiate 4 levels of prevention where MSF actions put in place will be variable but also where the Health Promotion activities will differ. old prevention level zero of prevention Activities aiming at change magnitude societal vulnerability, lowering individual risk through contextual interventions. Example of activities= poverty re duction, decreasing stigma & discrimination, HIV awareness for the general public, etc.So it concerns risk reduction of a health problem at population (societal) level and MSF will never throw in at this level of prevention. Primary prevention covers all activities designed to reduce the occurrence and the transmission of an illness (disease free). Primary prevention methods are used before the person gets the disease. ? Reduction of the incidence & prevalence of health problem Example of activities done by MSF= immunisation, improve water supply, family planning services, use of condom, prophylaxis during pregnancy, etc.Secondary prevention activities aimed at the recognition of early signs of disease and search for treatment before it become serious. Secondary prevention avoids that infection become illness. ? Reducing the morbidity Example of activities = testing of HIV, medical consultations, treatment, vaccination 8 Disease prevention covers measures not only to prevent the oc currence of disease, such as risk factor reduction, but also to arrest its progress and reduce its consequences once established.Reference adapted from Glossary of Terms used in Health for All series. WHO, Geneva, 1984 Primary prevention is directed towards preventing the sign occurrence of a disorder. Secondary and tertiary prevention seeks to arrest or retard existing disease and its effects through early detection and appropriate treatment or to reduce the occurrence of relapses and the establishment of chronic conditions through, for example, effective rehabilitation. Disease prevention is sometimes used as a complementary term alongside health promotion.Although there is frequent overlap between the content and strategies, disease prevention is defined separately. Disease prevention in this context is considered to be action which usually emanates from the health sector, dealing with individuals and populations identified as exhibiting identifiable risk factors, often associat ed with different risk behaviours. 9 Disease prevention- definition of WHO For more information on Prevention and MSF, please refer to the doc in annex 1. 8 Tertiary prevention Targets the person who already has symptoms of the isease and it includes behaviours that are involved in treatment & rehabilitation (person is already sick) The goals of tertiary prevention are prevent damage and pain from the disease slow down the disease prevent the disease from causing other problems give better care to people with the disease make people with the disease healthy again and able to do what they used to do Example of activities treatment, patient education, emotional support etc. ? Reduction of the morbidity, suffering & mortality 9 Risk Population General abstractive risk Healthy population ? ? Specific High Risk ?Healthy ind. ? Early signs ? Diseases ? Death Infected ind. ? Patients (sick) ? Death/handicap Intervention MSF Never or through partners Polio eradication, HIV awareness, etc Not systematic Prevention activities Vaccination, Vector control, HP, Family Planning, etc. Always Supportive & curative Testing, consultation, treatment, screening, health Education, etc. Always healing(predicate) & palliative care stirred support, treatment, patient education etc. Primordial prevention Primary prevention (Incidence & prevalence) Secondary prevention (Morbidity) Tertiary prevention (Morbidity& mortality) Depending of the projects objectives, MSF can be involved with variation at the different levels of prevention. 10 5. Health promotion as a transversal axe Health promotion was set up as a transversal axe into the Operational prospect in 2008 and in 2009 Health Promotion is integrated into the Prevention transversal axe. It means the HP activities should be considered into the different operational fields of intervention but also in the others transversal axes (Women health, nutrition, etc). 5. 1 Health Promotion activities to consider per health problem Some Health promotion activities to consider . crush & understand the risky practices increasing the transmission of HIV/AIDS amongst the population/community & patients 2. Understand the reasons of not coming for testing, for PMTCT (Health seeking behaviour, Stigma) 3. Measure the knowledge, attitude and perception of HIV/AIDS in target group 4. Promote of the services for families members, children and partners 5. Empowerment of patient (patient education on disease & preventive measure, treatment literacy, support group, PLWHA expert, etc) 6. provide support to adherence in health structure and in the community 7.Ensure HIV services adapted to your target group of patients 8. Collaborate with Traditional healer, TBA, 1. Analyse and understand the disease perception (fears and stigma) & knowledge in the pop. 2. Promotion of services for TB families & care givers 3. Provide patient education & treatment literacy 4. Support to adherence 5. Train health staff on infection control measur e 1. Analyse and understanding the disease knowledge and preventive measure 2. Promote the use of the mosquito nets with patients & communities during the season 3. Training on recognition of symptoms 4.Promotion of the use of our services 5. Develop the component of malaria volunteers 1. Analyse and understand the disease perception and the risky behaviour in the community increasing the transmission 2. Measure the knowledge, perception & attitudes of the pop. towards the disease 3. Disseminate information on the preventive & disease control measures to the general population 4. Collaborate with key leaders of the community ? visit of the isolation unit 5. Educate of the patients and families (and neighbour) in order to decrease fears & stigma of the patients 6.Participate to burials to ensure the respect of the tradition (orientation of the body, traditional beliefs, etc). 10 Health thematic HIV/AIDS Reference documents/books 1. HIV/AIDS OCB Policy 2008 chapter on prevention and e mpowerment & autonomy of PLWH 2. Patient support in HIV/AIDS draft MSF OCB 2008 3. DVD Health Promotion communication materials HIV/AIDS thematic OCB 2007 4. Patient Support for HIV Infected children- 2008 D. Goetghebuer & K. Bosteels TB 1. Adherence strategy for TB treatment- MSF OCB 2008 2. DVD Health Promotion communication materials TB thematic OCB 2007 1.DVD Health Promotion communication materials malaria thematic OCB 2007 Malaria Infectious diseases 1. FVH guideline internationalHealth Promotion & Anthropology chapter 2. Ebola, culture & politics the Anthropology of an Emerging disease10 3. epidemic cholera Health Promotion technical briefs 4. DVD Health Promotion communication materials cholera, Ebola, Rift Valley fever, OCB 2007 Ebola, culture & politics the Anthropology of an Emerging disease, Barry S Hewlett and BonnieL. Hewlett 11 Some Health promotion activities to consider 1.Analyze and understanding the cultural barriers of the use of the services or unders tanding the reasons of delivering at home or the KAP on FGM, etc. 2. Promotion of services (ANC, FP, PMTCT, delivery, abortion, sexual violence). 3. Integrated health education for mothers on different reproductive health subject 4. Home visitors to refer ANC visit, follow up of sexual violence 5. Collaboration with TBA information on dangers of deliveries and referral of complicated cases 6. Collaboration with women groups 1. Analyse of the perception of the malnutrition in the pop 2.Understanding cultural practices or beliefs increasing malnutrition of children 3. Analyse the cultural factors in a famine context 4. Nutritional education to mothers develop peer mothers + appetite test 5. Nutritional education to men 6. deadbeat tracing support- community support 1. Analyse of the perception of mental health problem in the community 2. Promotion of mental health services 3. De-stigmatization of mental health problems 1. Analyse and understand the concept of violence in the context (cultural versus contextual violence, definition of violence, cultural profile of victims, etc). . Promotion of the services 3. Working with key actors in the community 1. Understanding of the concept of vaccination, fears & taboos about vaccines. 2. Promotion of importance of the EPI 3. Promotion of day of the vaccination campaign, site of vaccination, type of vaccines, etc Health thematic Women health Reference documents 1. DVD Health Promotion communication materials Women Health OCB 2007 Nutrition 1. Anthropological report from Niger- Lieselotte 2008 2. DVD Health Promotion communication materials OCB 2007 Mental Health Violence 1.Mental Health Policy OCB 2008 Link with Brazil Medical Unit Vaccination Niger 2008 Tanganika 2008 12 5. 2 Minimum package of Health Promotion activities There are minimum Health Promotion activities to be integrated in all projects Analysing of the disease/illness perception and knowledge of the target population Promotion of MSF health services (usually at the beginning of the project or when new health activities is being developed) Health education/patient education/treatment literacy in order to ensure that patients understand the symptoms, how to prevent & how to treat his disease . 3 Health Promotion within Operational electron orbit of intervention Field of intervention I Assistance to population in violent setting Particularities for this operational field of intervention are The Health Promotion activities are done primal to get closer to the community, to get information on the context, the population but also on their security, on the living condition and on the access to health care. Health Promotion activities in this field are oriented towards collection of information, investigation and promotion of our services.Several experiences11 have shown good results in developing a home visitors network they seem key persons to get closer to your community and gain trust. Usual HP activities done at the community l evel with home visitors or community health worker are collection of data (mortality, birth, morbidity, on specific thematic such violence or sexual violence) at household level, defaulter tracing activities (nutritional or others program), promotion of MSF services and health information on a specific disease (ex. malaria explanation because malaria season).In some context, there is a need to extend these communities activities further and push for a move of the civil society in the non acceptance of the problem (Similela and Seruka- sexual violence projects). HP activities in the medical infrastructure = health education on different health topic done by the medical staff or health educators Field of intervention II Extreme health gap Particularities for this operational field of intervention are Health Promotion activities and anthropological components should be more often considered.In post conflict, under served general pop & exclusion there is space and time to gather key inf ormation about the population and their health seeking behaviour and it would help to develop the medical strategy of the project. Key activities to consider -Analyse of the risky behaviour & needs of population in term of health & analyse of Health Seeking Behaviour -Look for the correlation needs of pop & offering of medical services -Promotion of MSF services -Health education in medical infrastructures -Consider the possibility to develop some HP activities in the communities to increase patient/individuals empowerment 1 In refugee camps, we often develop network of home visitors. Since 07 In Darfur, we launched several network of HV in city the capitalisation of the network in Kebkabya will be done in 2009. 13 Field of intervention III Epidemics and endemics See table with health thematic p. 11 & 12 Particularities Health Promotion activities should be integrated in every disease Field of intervention IV Assistance for victims of natural catastrophes Particularities are the Hea lth Promotion activities are usually integrated into Watsan activities (Hygiene promotion) or linked with mental health activities.The concept of home visit is very important to reinforce link with population. 14 6. Some definitions Health education12 comprises consciously constructed opportunities for learning involving some form of communication designed to improve health literacy, including improving knowledge, and developing action skills which are conducive to individual and community health. Reference modified definition- WHO Health education is not only concerned with the communication of information, but also with fostering the motivation, skills and confidence (self-efficacy) necessary to take action to improve health.Health education includes the communication of information concerning the underlying social, economic and environmental conditions impacting on health, as well as individual risk factors and risk behaviours, and use of the health care system. Thus, health ed ucation whitethorn involve the communication of information, and development of skills which demonstrates the political feasibility and organizational possibilities of various forms of action to address social, economic and environmental determinants of health.Patient education13 The patient education is a process, integrated in the process of care, including a series of activities organized awareness, information, learning and psychological and social assistance on the disease, treatment, care, organization and hospital procedures, health behaviours and those associated with the disease, to help the patient (and his family) to understand the disease and treatment, care work, take charge of his state health and foster a return to normal activitiesPatient support 14 The component of Patient Support covers all the activities aiming at supporting the patient in front of his disease and his treatment, beyond the purely medical aspects of care. The patient support is a continuum of progr essive, personalised or peer-supported activities addressed to the patient, and going on all along the program. Rem for the moment within MSF, we are using the component of Patient support for HIV and TB.Main objectives for all HIV patients are To understand and accept his HIV status or disease 12 13 From Health Promotion color DECCACHE A. et LAVENDHOMME E. , Information et Education du Patient des fondements aux methodes, De Boeck Universite, Bruxelles, 1989, p. 45 14 For more info, refer to the draft Patient Support document for HIV/AIDS written by B. Laumont & G. Loots in the OCB. 15 To recognize the consequences of the disease in his everyday life To adapt his behaviour (way of living) To be involved in and adhere to his treatment To achieve all these objectives, the patients have to go through 3 complementary processes 1- Educative process ? Patient Education This is about the patient understanding the infection and the evolution of the disease the transmission of the di sease the risky behaviours to avoid the treatment This includes the following activities Health Education, Health talks, Treatment Literacy 2- Process of emotional adaptation?Emotional Support This is about the patient dealing with the loss of his self-image and the loss of the good health dealing with the stress caused by the evolution of the disease, the perspective of death, the uncertainty of the future and the reduction of capacities dealing with the relational changes with his close relationships and occupational environment dealing with the improvements and the changes brought by the treatment This includes the following activities counselling (individual & group), support groups 3- Process of adaptation to socio-economic consequences?Social Support This is about helping the patient to solve his social problems in order to improve his good adherence to treatment risks of precariousness financial resources, incapacity, loss of employment risks of isolation, stigmatisa tion by family and community This includes the following activities social consultation, home visits, networking, etc The Patient Support can be provided through 4 different types of activities respective(prenominal) sessions individual counselling (pre-test, post-test, follow-up, adherence, etc), social consultation Group sessions Health Talks, Educational talks, ART preparation sessions, Support Group, etc Group activities expression and creative activities, party, celebration, excursion, etc Community and Family level actions Home visits, Home Based Care, Defaulter prevention, Defaulter tracing, Community activities, etc Empowerment for health15 In health promotion, empowerment is a process through which people gain greater control over decisions and actions affecting their health. A distinction is made between individual and community empowerment. Individual empowerment refers primarily to the individuals ability to make decisions and have control over their personal life. Community empowerment involves individuals acting collectively to gain greater influence and control over the determinants of health and the quality of life in their community, and is an important goal in community action for health. 15 From Health Promotion glossary 16 7. Bibliography Anthropologues et ONG des liaisons fructueuses? Humanitaire Hors Serie Numero 4Automne/hiver 2007 editer par Medecins du Monde Communicating Health- an action guide to health education and health promotion John Hubley- 2004 Applied Health Research, Anthropology P. Boonmongkon, P. Streefland, M. L. Tan, etc. Health Promotion glossary WHO CDC, Prevention Education spill over la sante, concepts, enjeux, planifications, Jacques A. Bury Information et education du patient, des fondements aux methodes , A. Deccache et E. Lavendhomme of Health and

The Vampire Diaries: The Struggle Chapter Seven

Next time, Stefan say quietly, I wont leave.Elena k crude he meant it, and it terrified her. tho exclusively now her emotions were quietly coasting in neutral, and she didnt want to argue.He was there, she tell. Inside an mine run house full of ordinary people, just as if he had e rattling remunerate to be. I wouldnt have thought he would d atomic number 18.Why not? Stefan said briefly, bitterly. I was there in a ordinary house full of ordinary people, just as if I had every right to be.I didnt mean that the way it loweringed. Its just that the entirely new(prenominal) time Ive seen him in public was at the Haunted House when he was wearing a mask and costume, and it was dark. Before that it was always somewhere deserted, like the gym that night I was there wholly, or the graveyardShe knew as soon as she said that last part that it was a drop off. She still hadnt told Stefan well-nigh going to find Damon triplet days ago. In the drivers seat, he stiffened.Or the graveyard ?Yes I meant that day beautiful and Meredith and I got chased let on. Im assuming it moldiness have been Damon who chased us. And the lieu was deserted barely for the three of us.Why was she lying to him? Because, a small voice in her head answered grimly, otherwise he might snap. Knowing what Damon had said to her, what he had promised was in store, might be all that was needed to send Stefan over the edge.Then hell never get laid, she promised herself. No matter what I have to do, Ill keep them from fighting severally other over me. No matter what.For a moment, apprehension chilled her.Five hundred years ago, Katherine had tried to keep them from fighting, and had succeeded only in forcing them into a destruction match. exclusivelyshe wouldnt make the same mistake, Elena told herself fiercely. Katherines methods had been stupid and childish. Who else yet a stupid child would kill herself in the hope that the two rivals for her hand would become friends? It had been the w orst mistake of the whole sorry affair. Because of it, the rivalry between Stefan and Damon had turned into implacable hatred. And whats more, Stefan had lived with the guilt of it ever since he blamed himself for Katherines stupidity and weakness.Groping for another subject, she said, Do you cipher some wholeness invited him in?Obviously, since hewas in.Then its true about people like you. You have to be invited in. But Damon got into the gym without an invitation.Thats because the gym isnt a dwelling place for the living. Thats the one criterion. It doesnt matter if its a house or a tent or an apartment above a store. If living humans eat and ease there, we need to be invited inside.But I didnt invite you intomy house.Yes, you did. That first night, when I drove you home, you pushed the door render and nodded to me. It doesnt have to be a verbal invitation. If the cloaked is there, thats enough. And the person inviting you doesnt have to be someone who very lives in the hous e. Any human will do.Elena was thinking. What about a houseboat?Same thing. Although running water thunder mug be a barrier in itself. For some of us, its almost impossible to cross.Elena had a sudden vision of herself and Meredith and Bonnie racing for Wickery Bridge. Because somehow she had known that if they got to the other side of the river theyd be safe from whatever was after them.Sothats why, she verbalize. It still didnt explain how shed known, though. It was as if the knowledge had been put into her head from some outside source. Then she effected something else.You took me across the bridge. You can cross running water.Thats because Im weak. It was said flatly, with no emotion behind it. Its ironic, further the stronger your Powers are, the more youre affected by certain limitations. The more you run short to the dark, the more the rules of the dark bind you.Stefan looked at her. Yes, he said, I think its time you knew. The more you know about Damon, the more chance youll have of defend yourself.Of protecting herself? Perhaps Stefan knew more than she thought. But as he turned the car onto a side street and parked, she just said, Okay. Should I be stocking up on garlic?He laughed. Only if you want to be unpopular. There are certain plants, though, that might help you. Like vervain. Thats an herb thats think overd to protect you once against bewitchment, and it can keep your mind clear even if someone is using Powers against you. People used to wear it around their necks. Bonnie would love it it was sacred to the Druids.Vervain, said Elena, tasting the unfamiliar word. What else?Strong light, or direct sunlight, can be very painful. Youll notice the weathers changed.Ive noticed, said Elena after a beat. You mean Damons doing that?He must be. It takes enormous power to control the elements, but it makes it easy for him to travel in daylight. As long as he keeps it cloudy, he doesnt even need to protect his eyes.And neither do you, Elena said. What about well, crosses and things?No effect, said Stefan. Except that if the person holding onebelieves its a protection, it can strengthen their will to resist tremendously.Uh silver bullets?Stefan laughed again shortly. Thats for werewolves. From what Ive heard they dont like silver in whatever form. A wooden stake through the heart is still the approved method for my kind. There are other ways that are more or less effective, though burning, beheading, driving nails through the temples. Or, best of all Stefan The lonely, bitter smile on his example dismayed her. What about changing into animals? she said. Before, you said that with enough Power you could do that. If Damon can be any animal he likes, how will we ever bed him?Not any animal he likes. Hes limited to one animal, or at the most two. Even with his Powers I dont think he could sustain any more than that.So we keep flavor out for a crow.Right. You may be able to tell if hes around, too, by looking at regular ani mals. They commonly dont react very well to us they sense that were hunters.Yangtze kept barking at that crow. It was as if he knew there was something wrong about it, Elena remembered. Ah Stefan, she added in a changed refinement as a new thought struck her, what about mirrors? I dont remember ever seeing you in one.There was nothing to do but hold on to him, and Elena did. I love you, she whispered. It was the only comfort she could give him. It was all they had.His offsets tightened around her his face was buried in her hair. Youre the mirror, he whispered back.It was sound to smell him relax, tension flowing out of his body as warmth and comfort flowed in. She was comforted, too, a sense of peace infusing her, surrounding her. It was so good that she forgot to ask him what he meant until they were at her front door, saying good-bye.Im the mirror? she said then, looking up at him.Youve stolen my soul, he said. Lock the door behind you, and dont open it again tonight. Then he was gone.Elena, thank heavens, said aunty Judith. When Elena stared at her, she added, Bonnie called from the party. She said youd left unexpectedly, and when you didnt come home I was worried.Stefan and I went for a ride. Elena didnt like the expression on her aunts face when she said that. Is there a problem?No, no. Its just Aunt Judith didnt seem to know how to finish her sentence. Elena, I wonder if it might be a good idea to not see quite so practically of Stefan.Elena went still. You, too?It isnt that I believe the gossip, Aunt Judith assured her. But, for your own sake, it might be best to bewitch a little distance from him, to To dump him? To abandon him because people are spreading rumors about him? To keep myself away from the mudslinging in case any of it sticks on me? Anger was a welcome release, and the words crowded in Elenas throat, all trying to get out at once. No, Idont think thats a good idea, Aunt Judith. And if it were Robert we were talking about, you wou ldnt either. Or maybe you wouldElena, I will not have you speaking to me in that tone Im finished anyway Elena cried, and whirled blindly for the stairs. She managed to keep the tears back until she was in her own room with the door locked. Then she threw herself on the bed and sobbed.She dragged herself up a while later to call Bonnie. Bonnie was excited and voluble. What on earth did Elena mean, had anything unusual happened after she and Stefan left? The unusual thing was their leaving No, that new guy Damon hadnt said anything about Stefan afterward hed just hung around for a while and then disappeared. No, Bonnie hadnt seen if he left with anybody. Why? Was Elena jealous? Yes, Elena right away deduced that Alaric Saltzmans eyes were hazel.She got off the phone at last and only then remembered the note shed found in her udder. She should have asked Bonnie if anyone had gone near her purse while she was in the dining room. But then, Bonnie and Meredith had been in the dining r oom part of the time themselves. Someone might have done it then.The very sight of the violet paper made her taste tin at the back of her mouth. She could hardly bear to look at it. But now that she was alone shehad to unfold it and read it again, all the time hoping that somehow this time the words might be different, that she might have been mistaken before.But they werent different. The sharp, clean stay letters stood out against the pale background as if they were ten feet high.I want to touch him. More than any boy Ive ever known. And I know he wants it, too, but hes holding back on me. Her words. From her diary. The one that had been stolen.The next day Meredith and Bonnie rang her doorbell.Stefan called me last night, said Meredith. He said he wanted to make sure you werent walking to school alone. Hes not going to be at school today, so he asked if Bonnie and I could come over and walk with you.Escort you, said Bonnie, who was clearly in a good mood. Chaperone you. I think its terribly sweet of him to be so protective.Hes likely an Aquarius, too, said Meredith. Come on, Elena, before I kill her to shut her up about Alaric.Elena walked in silence, wondering what Stefan was doing that kept him from school. She felt vulnerable and exposed today, as if her skin were on inside out. One of those days when she was ready to cry at the drop of a hat.On the office bulletin board was tacked a piece of violet paper.She should have known. Shehad known somewhere deep inside. The thief wasnt satisfied with letting her know her private words had been read. He was showing her they could be made public.She ripped the note off the board and crumpled it, but not before she glimpsed the words. In one glance they were seared onto her brain.I feel as if someone has hurt him terribly in the past and hes never gotten over it. But I also think theres something hes white-lipped of, some secret hes afraid Ill find out.Elena, what is that? Whats the matter? Elena, come back he reOkay, said Meredith loudly, senior privilege. You She rapped on the only closed door. Come out.Some rustling, then a lost freshman emerged. But I didnt even Out. Outside, Bonnie ordered. Andyou , she said to the girl washing her hands, stand out there and make sure nobody comes in.But why? What are you Move, chick. If anybody comes through that door were holding you responsible.When the door was closed again, they rounded on Elena.Okay, this is a stickup, said Meredith. Come on, Elena, give.Elena ripped the last tiny jot of paper, caught between laughter and tears. She wanted to tell them everything, but she couldnt. She settled for telling them about the diary.They were as angry, as indignant, as she was.It had to be someone at the party, Meredith said at last, once they had each expressed their opinion of the thiefs character, morals, and probable destination in the afterlife. But anybody there could have done it. I dont remember anyone in particular going near your purse, b ut that room was wall-to-wall people, and it could have happened without my noticing.But why would anyonewant to do this? Bonnie put in. Unless Elena, the night we found Stefan you were hinting around at some things. You said you thought you knew who the killer was.I dont think I know Iknow. But if youre wondering if this might be connected, Im not sure. I suppose it could be. The same person might have done it.Bonnie was horrified. But that means the killer is a student at this school When Elena shook her head, she went on. The only people at that party who werent students were that new guy and Alaric. Her expression changed. Alaric didnt kill Mr. Tanner He wasnt even in Fells Church then.I know. Alaric didnt do it. Shed gone too far to hang in now Bonnie and Meredith already knew too much. Damon did.That guy was thekiller ? The guy thatkissed me?Bonnie, calm down. As always, other peoples hysteria made Elena feel more in control. Yes, hes the killer, and we all three have to be o n guard against him. Thats why Im telling you. Never, never ask him into your house.Elena tour of dutyped, regarding the faces of her friends. They were staring at her, and for a moment she had the sickening feeling that they didnt believe her. That they were going to question her sanity.Yes. Im sure. Hes the murderer and the one who put Stefan in the well, and he might be after one of us next. And I dont know if theres any way to stop him.Well, then, said Meredith, lifting her eyebrows. No wonder you and Stefan were in such a hurry to leave the party.Caroline gave Elena a vicious smirk as Elena walked into the cafeteria. But Elena was almost beyond noticing.One thing she noticed right away, though. Vickie Bennett was there.Vickie hadnt been to school since the night Matt and Bonnie and Meredith had found her wandering on the road, raving about mist and eyes and something terrible in the graveyard. The doctors who checked her afterward said there was nothing much wrong with her phy sically, but she still hadnt returned to Robert E. Lee. People whispered about psychologists and the drug treatments they were trying.She didnt look crazy, though, Elena thought. She looked pale and subdued and sort of crumpled into her clothing. And when Elena passed her and she looked up, her eyes were like a startled fawns.It was strange to sit at a half-empty table with only Bonnie and Meredith for company. Usually people were crowding to get seats around the three of them.We didnt finish talking this morning, Meredith said. Get something to eat, and then well figure out what to do about those notes.Im not hungry, said Elena flatly. And whatcan we do? If its Damon, theres no way we can stop him. Trust me, its not a matter for the police. Thats why I havent told them hes the killer. There isnt any proof, and besides, they would never Bonnie, youre not listening.Sorry, said Bonnie, who was staring past Elenas left ear. But something weird is going on up there.Elena turned. Vickie Bennett was stand at the front of the cafeteria, but she no longer seemed crumpled and subdued. She was looking around the room in a sly and assessing manner, smiling.Well, she doesnt look normal, but I wouldnt say she was beingweird , exactly, Meredith said. Then she added, Wait a minute.Vickie was unbuttoning her cardigan. But it was theway she was doing it with deliberate little flicks of her fingers, all the while looking around with that secretive smile that was odd. When the last button was undone, she took the sweater daintily between forefinger and thumb and slid it down over first one arm and then the other. She dropped the sweater on the floor.Weird is the word, confirmed Meredith.Students crossing in front of Vickie with laden trays glanced at her curiously and then looked back over their shoulders when they had passed. They didnt actually stop walking, though, until she took off herShe did it gracefully, catching the heel of one pump on the toe of the other and pushin g it off. Then she kicked off the second pump.She cant keep going, murmured Bonnie, as Vickies fingers moved to the simulated pearl buttons on her white silk blouse.Heads were turning people were poking one another and gesturing. Around Vickie a small group had gathered, standing far enough back that they didnt interfere with everyone elses view.The white silk blouse rippled off, fluttering like a wounded ghost to the floor. Vickie was wearing a lacy os slip underneath.There was no longer any sound in the cafeteria except the sibilance of whispers. No one was eating. The group around Vickie had gotten larger.Vickie smiled demurely and began to unfasten clasps at her waist. Her pleated skirt fell to the floor. She stepped out of it and pushed it to one side with her foot.Somebody stood up at the back of the cafeteria and chanted, Take itoff Take itoff Other voices joined in.Isnt anybody going to stop her? fumed Bonnie.Elena got up. The last time shed gone near Vickie the other girl had screamed and struck out at her. But now, as she got close, Vickie gave her the smile of a conspirator. Her lips moved, but Elena couldnt make out what she was saying over the chanting.Come on, Vickie. Lets go, she said.Vickies light brown hair tossed and she plucked at the strap of her slip.Elena stooped to pick up the cardigan and undulate it around the girls slender shou lders. As she did, as she touched Vickie, those half-closed eyes opened wide like a startled fawns again. Vickie stared about her wildly, as if shed just been rouse from a dream. She looked down at herself and her expression turned to disbelief. Pulling the cardigan around her more tightly, she backed away, shivering.The room was quiet again.Its okay, said Elena soothingly. Come on.At the sound of her voice, Vickie jumped as if touched by a live wire. She stared at Elena, and then she exploded into action.Youre one of them I saw you Youre evilShe turned and ran barefoot out of the cafeteria, leaving Elena st unned.

Global Change Essay

The concept of obliging society was reinvented in the late 1980s in response to the rapid market development and the end of the Cold War. The collapse of the Soviet Union marked the rapid development of global market repayable to higher international security. Market development gradually leads to the development of polished society for two reasons Firstly, the middle class helps to fight more freedom from the regime as they want to gain more and more control of themselves. This situation, allows spaces for civil society to develop.Some donors search for NGOs to implement their civic or sparing connect interests and visions. 1 Secondly, the retreat of the welfargon states in western countries further triggers the emergence of civil society as people want to address the problem themselves instead of solely depending on the invisible hand of the free market. Hong Kong, which is recognized as a newly industrialized economy (NIE) has adopted the minimal-interventionist principle i n economic development for a long Low tax rate and free market policies be the priorities of the Hong Kong giving medication.Civil society is said to be very all important(predicate) in the implementation of democracy as civil society is a representation of diverse interests of the people. In the cookery body of Hong Kong, though the administration was automatic to involve more public participation in the process with the increasing force of democratization amid 1990 and 1997, the role of civil society in planning policy formulation and implementation was non yet clear. According to the experiences of some UK cities, partnership between civil society and the local governments can facilitate sustainable development.It is yet to know whether such kind of partnership is possible in Hong Kong or not. So the aim of this opus is to find out the challenges and opportunities of mobilizing partnership between the government and civil society. Aims of the study This paper aims to ex plore the challenges and opportunities in fostering partnership between civil society and the government in the planning system of Hong Kong. This paper is based on the central argument that civil society organizations (CSOs) should play of import role in the planning system to explore the challenges and opportunities.It is argued that CSOs are important for promoting more effective idea in the policy planning in terms of reflecting the needs of the locals as well as the moral determine neglected by both market and the government. It is believed that the challenges and opportunities are not that straightforward to be understood as they should involve a lot of other factors. These factors are to be examined in order to provide a clearer picture for the analysis. Structure of the paper This study is composed of sextette sections- Session I begins with an introduction.It states the purpose of this paper and the content structure. Section II is the theoretical framework established f or understanding the theoretical meaning of civil society and the importance of partnership between the government and the CSOs. Section III is the background about development of citizenship in Hong Kong. It is found that the civil society in Hong Kong is becoming mature. Section IV discusses on the six major factors contributing to the challenges in the relationship between the government and the civil society.Section V seeks to study real-life cases to further strengthen the argument that CSOs should play significant role in the planning system. Section VI, the final section of this paper. It summarizes all the key issues discussed in this paper and highlights the importance of the role of CSOs in planning system. delimitate Civil Society The definitions and meaning of civil society in contrasting mainstream theories are explored and outlined in Appendix 1. The interpretation of civil society by Aristotle is now widely recognized as autonomy, not under direct state control.It e mphasized on the formation of government based on instinctive willingness of people and universal election in order to guarantee sovereignty of citizens (for Locke) and the freedom of civil society (for Rousseau). The existing political system in Hong Kong is different as the HKSAR government is not directly elected by the citizens. Hong Kong people can only elect some of the legislative councilors, who act as delegates to hatch with legislative issues and district councilors, who are serving as advisors of the government.The sovereignty is just partly in the hand of Hong Kong people. In fact, the situation of Hong Kong is closer to the idea of Hegel that civil society and family together form the state. Civil society is actually functioning as a partly autonomy body under the government of Hong Kong. However, civil society should perform a more active role in the system in order to balance the power of the state and the market for the hit of the public. So Friedmanns definition of civil society will be applied to support the empowerment of civil society.Civil society, as an association of individual interests, should cause up to balance the power of the state. His definition also separates the concept of market from civil society, which is applicable in the situation of Hong Kong. Friedmann(1998) states that civil society must be seen as standing in opposition to the corporate economy. The relationship of civil society and the market should not be neglected when we understand the relationship of the government and the civil society. 2 To sum up, the combination of Friedmanns and Hegels definition of civil society is applied in this paper.Civil society is defined as a sphere without direct state control, but is not totally separated from the state. The participation in civil society is based on unforced willingness and it is actually an association of various individual interests. It is different from the concepts of corporate economy and family, but they are related to some extent. Civil society may not necessarily oppose to the corporate economy, but they may interplay to produce good results. Civil society should be empowered to balance the power of the government and market.

Environmental Thoughts in Theravada Buddhism

With 95% of the population in Thailand being followers of Theravada Buddhism, influencing the support for local and global milieual concerns is sooner possible. Donald K. Swearer in the article The Hermeneutic of Buddhist Ecology in Contemporary Thailand Buddhadasa and Dhammapitaka states that the Buddhist lifestyle and the early sangha are contributions to aid in living in a constantly dangerously changing world. Swearer believes that there are distinct ecological lessons that can be drawn from the texts and traditions in Thai Buddhism.In this chapter he shows how Buddhadasa Bhikkhu and Phra Prayudh both represent two very distinctive but complementary views to the environment issues within Theravada Buddhism. Buddhadasas ontologically oriented view of nature as dhamma and the ethic of warmth for nature correlates with the idea of EcoBuddhism, while Phra Prayudh is an approach, which is grounded in the reasoning of texts and the historical traditions of ancient Buddhism. Buddhada sa infers that the destruction of nature implies the destruction of dhamma.Swearer explains that to fear for nature in linked to a pervasive feeling of human empathy (Pali, anukampa) for all surroundings, therefore caring is considered the active expression of empathy. Believing that to care for nature derives from a selfless, empathetic response in an ethical perspective. Swearer further explains the empathetic concerns for caring for things in at the core of ones being. The care for all needs to be done in their natural conditions, that is to care for things as they really are rather than as one may see fit or as one would like them to be.Phra Prayudh blames the destruction of the environment on a Western world that is flawed by three main beliefs wrongful idea of nature, bad spatial relation towards other humans, and the drive for solid goods as stated by Swearer. He also states that Phra believes the bases of environmental values are in katannu (gratitude), metta (loving-kind ness), and sukha (happiness). This basically translates that being happy and grateful will action us with compassion and permeate to the environment around. This concept is dealing with an understanding of how our consequences affect the world around us.Phra tells of how monks use forests for their monasteries and are the ideal place to pass the difficulties in life. He believes that his ecological hermeneutic is based on the early life of Buddha the early sangha in the Pali scriptures. The main problem with the monks delivering their message and ideas to layman is the local government. Sponsel and Natadecha-Sponsel in the next chapter, The Monastic Community in Thailand states that even the sangha and the state are subject to corruption and abuse.It is the politics within the sangha can cause problems and keep down the ability for everyone to realize the potential it can have within Buddhism and the environment. The basis of the sangha is stated as being hierarchical and with i ts upper levels are conservative the attitude and position on women is not favorable. But even with these issues and problems Buddhism has survived for over 2500 years and is gaining strength. With further understanding in new perspectives Buddhism will eventually become a momentous force in society.

Assembly Format

SCHOOL wariness, STAND AT EASE, ATTENTION. Good Morning to peerless and all present here. I am Shivangi Goswami of sept 8 A standing before you to get to daytimes assembly. One man with courage is a majority. This famous quote was said by Thomas Jeffery, meaning angiotensin converting enzyme man who has courage can do anything and is capable enough to do any task at hand. So friends today the theme of our assembly is courage. The one who has the made the world, the one who has made us and the one who has blessed us with all our abilities is none other than our Almighty Father.So to greet him for his deeds and blessings, I would like to call some of the boys of our class. Thank you for your acknowledging world. The love, affection, respect and devotion for god cannot be expressed only through words. To thank god in a wonderful way I present my class with the choir. That was indeed melodious. A class without a teacher, a flower without petals and a day without a thought is incomp lete. So Nabin and Niharika are here with a charming and delightful thought on courage. Thank you Nabin and Niharika.N for north, E for east, W for west and s for south. All these letters together makes the news. So to update us with the latest happenings around the globe, I call upon our young reporters Harpal, __________and____________ with the news. Thank you Harpal, ___________ and __________. Courage is not the absence seizure of fear but rather the judgment that something else is important than fear. To through some more light on the assemblys theme Courage, may I call upon Swaraj for the special assembly speech.Thank you Swaraj. Birthdays come at one time in a year. So we should celebrate it enthusiastically. May I call upon all the birthday students at the center stage as it is time to wish them a very happy birthday. On behalf of Class 8 A, I wish all the birthday students a very happy birthday. May I call upon our class teacher for making some announcements. Thank you mad am. SCHOOL ATTENTION, STAND AT EASE, ATTENTION Now its time for the national anthem and the national anthem begins.

Importance of Education Essay

Generally, at a preteen age, electric shaverren learn to develop and use their mental, moral and physical powers, which they acquire through various types of procreation. Education is ordinarily referred to as the impact of learning and obtaining familiarity at school, in a form of formal education. However, the process of education does not only start when a child first attends school, education begins at home.A person does not only acquire knowledge from a teacher, they can learn and receive knowledge from a parent, family member and yet a friend. In almost all societies, attending school and receiving an education is extremely vital and necessary if any atomic number 53 wants to achieve their goal.On the other side of the coin, we have places in the beingness where not everyone has an opportunity to receive this formal type of education. The opportunities that are offered are greatly limited as they do not meet the academic requirements. Everyone who has a job needs to use their brain which is wherefore the greatness of education is so great. In some instances, children cannot attend school because parents need their children to help them with their work.Since it is not traditional in some places to receive a formal education, the one who receives an education is usually envied, praised and even admired by members of the community. They are the ones that go on to be businessmen and work in the city. Children sometimes look at other children with awe just the same way as one child might envy another because he got a new pair of sneakers, and wishes that he could have one too. There is a sense of admiration but at the same time there is a sense of jealousy as well. Seeing your classmate doing better than yourself causes tension and jealousy as a result of the scarce opportunities available.Listening to your teacher is one of the most important things to do in school. In Australia, education is free. Children are very lucky to live in Australia and do not recognise the importance of education. How hard you study in your early life makes a huge difference. Depending on how much you apprise education, you may be the next Steve Jobs or the next cleaner of Luna Park.In conclusion, there are more reasons why education is valuable to young children. One of the main reasons is to secure your income. Having a career in sport is rare and is dangerous. You can break your leg and be scarred for life. However, if you aim to be rock-steady in the business world academically, you cant exactly have a work-related accident. If youre a child, I suggest you work hard so that your brain is overflowing of knowledge.

Providing Courses Fit for the New Professions amidst the Recession

Colleges and some other educational institutions assume a very vital role in the modeling and homing of future day(a) professionals. They affect not only when the decisions of its students in terms of the students profession preference they also affect the future job options of the students. first rudiment Institution as wiz of the education pillars of this country in the aspect of organism a leading c atomic number 18r college conducts activities and launches programme fully guided by the mission that the institution array out to achieve in its years of existence.The mission being first rudiment institution meets students of diverse interests, cultures, and abilities and prepares them for careers in thriving palm that are in demand. The core values include providing high quality curriculum, fondness and supportive environment, and mentoring students to watch over.This mission as of the presentation of this report is now geared towards the creation of a sensitive curri culum nether the ABC Institutions College of perplexity and Administration that testament conform to its students with up to date education that will give them an edge in landing professions that proved to be in-demand amidst the economic and financial trials of this period marked by the recent global recession. To better understand the technicalities native to the formulation of a curriculum, defining the common keywords in the issue at hand proves to be vital.In this final cause the word curriculum is defined as the collection of programs of assume or major courses to be offered by ABC Institution (The Free Dictionary (Collins side Dictionary), 2009, p. n. pag. ). Program see or major in this proposal is defined as the stiff of classes or subjects needed to be taken by the students include in the untried curriculum of ABC Institution (The Free Dictionary (Collins English Dictionary), 2009, p. n. pag. ).Lastly, classes or courses are the educational groupings of students that would tackle a focal subject related to the new curriculum introduced by ABC Institution (The Free Dictionary(American Heritage Dictionary), 2009, p. n. pag. ). These definitions will be used throughout this proposal. This proposal is written to distinctively inculcate the values intrinsic to the mission of ABC institution and to the new needs that it will set to ful choose in the next years of its existence.This proposal would compromise between the tenets of ABC Institutions mission and the specifications of the new programs of study under the new curriculum of management and administration. Compromising between these deuce factors present in ABC Institution is a must simply because the curriculum should always coexist with the mission of the institution that offers it. Taking ABC Institution for example, the curriculum of management and administration will be designed base on the mission of ABC Institution. This new curriculum will equ entirelyy welcome students of welcomes students of diverse interests, cultures, and abilities.This new curriculum will prepare them for careers in thriving bowls that are in demand. The core values of ABC Institution which include high quality curriculum, caring and supportive environment, and mentoring students to succeed will be used in full swing upon the launch of its new curriculum on management and administration. Approving the launch of these new course offerings of ABC Institution will not only improve the reputation of the institution as a career college it will also reshape the modes by which this institution provides quality education to its students (Wijesinghe, 2000, p.1). The creation of new curriculum is one of the most recognized benchmarks of the potence of any institution in terms of being dynamic set in the background that the factual globe apart from the institution is also very dynamic. Unfortunately, the creation of a new curriculum is not solely dependent on the needs that the curriculum is s et to satisfy, resources and other forms of support should be all equally addressed before introducing a new curriculum (Wijesinghe, 2000, pp. 2-3).As said earlier, this proposal pushes forth the offering of the curriculum focused on management and administration in ABC Institution. The reason behind the null put on in this paper to prove that doing so is a must only lies on two basic concepts- students will gain an education edge applicable in many fields and professions related to this course are now demanded worldwide. The theoretical and practical education that students will receive from the antithetic programs of study included in this new curriculum will make them a highly practicable excavate resource in the near future.The units to be included in this program study may differ from the unit requirements of the other programs of study to be included in the new curriculum. Amidst the allowance provided that may cause differences among programs of study, core subjects sho uld be universal in the whole curriculum to insure that the curriculum has a sense of wholeness. Programs of study to be included in the curriculum are still open to changes further in this paper core programs are encouraged to be introduced alongside with the launch of the new curriculum.Core programs much(prenominal) as Bachelor of Arts in Public Administration, Bachelor of Arts in Corporate Management and Bachelor of Arts in Financial Management and Administration are pushed forth by this paper with the same weight that it proposes the introduction of the new curriculum. These core programs are deemed to be the programs that will provide the faculty needed by the future professionals or students as they take on a very new profession landscape upon their graduation.This proposal is not written on mere impulsive instincts and far flung idealism this proposal is written through the guidance provided by the mission of ABC Institution. This proposal even in its early stages of for mulation considers head on the factors that may affect the introduction of its proposed curriculum. Given the ample epoch of research that was given to formulate the proposal, there are three main factors identified to be internal to ABC Institution- integrity, resource preparedness and foundational education.ABC Institution is laden with the burden that it needs to establish its integrity among its students, targeted hiring field and even among its stakeholders (Gardiner, 2010, p. n. pag. ). These different groups should be satisfied with the overall manner by which ABC Institution provides the programs of study under its newly introduced curriculum. Resource preparedness is also vital to the success of the introduction of the new curriculum because the preparations put on by ABC Institution will insure that the curriculum will not be down played in terms of its manpower and educating credibility (Gardiner, 2010, p.n. pag. ). Faculty members and other staffs of ABC should be prepa red in all aspects, particularly in terms of being knowledgeable of the programs to be included in the curriculum, furthermore to the curriculum itself. Departmental turf should also be taken into context since the curriculum of management and administration is multidisciplinary in nature (Gardiner, 2010, p. n. pag. ). Faculty members should also be allowed to freely comport their insights and criticisms on the newly introduced curriculum.The faculty members are those who would have firsthand interaction with the curriculum and its students this do them apt sources of new ways of further improving the curriculum upon its introduction. Ultimately, the faculty members should be constantly reminded to handle the programs of study included in the curriculum with the consciousness that the lessons and activities should coincide with the mission of ABC Institution and with the goals of introducing the curriculum (Gardiner, 2010, p. n. pag. ).Finally, the foundations of educating its s tudents under the new curriculum should be constantly assessed and evaluated to insure that educational drifts are being avoided by providing constantly improving modes of education. The foundations that the curriculum will be able to establish in its early years will determine its future as a part of ABC Institution and establishing a good one should be prioritized (Gardiner, 2010, p. n. pag. ). In this proposal there is only one discerned external factor- the in demand labor market.No matter how fluent this proposal maybe in justifying that the establishment of a new curriculum on management and administration is viable will be put to trash unless it will have an realised target in the labor demand market. As a hint in the earlier parts, the new curriculum on management and administration is proposed to be introduced to educate and train students to be professionals viable to fill one of the most in demand professions- government managers (Kadlec, 2009, p. 11). This is a labor ma rket that is deemed to be in constant hiring for the next three decades.This demand is neither artificial nor temporary it is a demand made by one of the most financially influencing event of all times- the global recession. The global recession has change magnitude the demand for government managers because it forced many companies to sought help and assistance from the governments all around the world (Kadlec, 2009, p. n. pag. ). stark naked professions are being created everyday just to manage corporate bail outs and turnovers facilitated by governments in this aspect alone thousands of available jobs are being created.Aside from this aspect of the global recession professions on valet resources and public affairs are more or less equally opening up due to the sudden betrothal of many governments with the corporate affairs. This is the major labor market that the curriculum if management and administration seeks to fill in by creating the fittest professionals for the job th rough the programs of study that ABC Institution offers. The high demand to fill in the slots of government managers is only one of the target industries of this new curriculum.The ongoing demand for financial analysts and market experts are also some of the in demand jobs that this curriculum seeks to fill in (Kadlec, 2009, p. n. pag. ). After presenting every period of this proposal for the ABC Institution, the one that proposed it realized one thing there is a huge and almost untapped market of labor demands that ABC Institution can pioneer onso why hesitate? Bibliography Gaff, J. G. , & Ratcliff, J. L. (1997). Handbook of the Undergraduate Curriculum a comprehensive guide to purposes, structures, practices and change.Jossey Bass. Gardiner, L. F. (2010). Designing a College Curriculum. Retrieved July 8, 2010, from www. thenationalacademy. org http//www. thenationalacademy. org/readings/designing. hypertext markup language Kadlec, D. (2009, June 2). Government Manager Top Ten Jobs for the Recession. Retrieved July 8, 2010, from www. times. com http//205. 188. 238. 109/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1901876_1901874_1901854,00. html The Free Dictionary (Collins English Dictionary). (2009). Curriculum. Retrieved July 8, 2010, from www. freedictionary.com http//www. thefreedictionary. com/curriculum The Free Dictionary (Collins English Dictionary). (2009). Program of Study. Retrieved July 10, 2010, from www. freedictionary. com http//www. thefreedictionary. com/programme+of+study The Free Dictionary(American Heritage Dictionary). (2009). Class. Retrieved July 8, 2010, from www. freedictionary. com http//www. thefreedictionary. com/classs Wijesinghe, G. (2000). New Offerings for a New Era Evaluating the Viability of New Degree Programs . Florida State University System of Florida.